The android. For example, Android 7. In addition to the managed APIs from section 3. The Android APIs include a number of constants on the android. Build class that are intended to describe the current device. Android intents allow application components to request functionality from other Android components. The Android upstream project includes a list of applications which implement several intent patterns to perform common actions.
Please refer to Section 2 for mandatory application intents for each device type. The upstream Android open source implementation allows this by default. Android also includes a mechanism for third-party apps to declare an authoritative default app linking behavior for certain types of web URI intents. When such authoritative declarations are defined in an app's intent filter patterns, device implementations:.
Third-party applications rely on the platform to broadcast certain intents to notify them of changes in the hardware or software environment. Android includes settings that provide users an easy way to select their default applications, for example for Home screen or SMS. Where it makes sense, device implementations MUST provide a similar settings menu and be compatible with the intent filter pattern and API methods described in the SDK documentation as below.
If device implementations report android. CallRedirectionService for an app that holds the android. CALL , android. DIAL intents with a preloaded dialer application which can handle these intents and provide fulfillment as described in the SDK. If device implementations support the VoiceInteractionService and have more than one application using this API installed at a time, they:. If device implementations include support for Wi-Fi Easy Connect and expose the functionality to third-party apps, they:.
If device implementations declare the support for camera via android. If device implementations declare the android. If device implementations include a pre-installed app or wish to allow third-party apps to access the usage statistics, they:.
If device implementations intend to disallow any apps, including pre-installed apps, from accessing the usage statistics, they:. If device implementations report the feature android. Android includes support for interactive screensavers, previously referred to as Dreams.
Screen Savers allow users to interact with applications when a device connected to a power source is idle or docked in a desk dock. Device Implementations:. If device implementations allow launching normal Android Activities on more than one display, they:.
If device implementations allow launching normal Android Activities on secondary displays and a secondary display has the android. Managed Dalvik bytecode can call into native code provided in the application. Note that while all the symbols MUST be present, section 7. If device implementations report the support of the armeabi ABI, they:. NEON extension. If device implementations provide a complete implementation of the android.
Webview API, they:. Specifically the separate renderer process MUST hold lower privilege, run as a separate user ID, have no access to the app's data directory, have no direct network access, and only have access to the minimum-required system services over Binder. Note that if device implementations are bit or declare the feature flag android.
If device implementations include a standalone Browser application for general web browsing, they:. The behaviors of each of the API types managed, soft, native, and web must be consistent with the preferred implementation of the upstream Android Open Source Project. Some specific areas of compatibility are:. The above list is not comprehensive.
The Compatibility Test Suite CTS tests significant portions of the platform for behavioral compatibility, but not all. It is the responsibility of the implementer to ensure behavioral compatibility with the Android Open Source Project.
If device implementations implement a proprietary mechanism to restrict apps and that mechanism is more restrictive than the Restricted App Standby Bucket , they:.
Android follows the package and class namespace conventions defined by the Java programming language. To ensure compatibility with third-party applications, device implementers MUST NOT make any prohibited modifications see below to these package namespaces:. Note that the restrictions above correspond to standard conventions for naming APIs in the Java programming language; this section simply aims to reinforce those conventions and make them binding through inclusion in this Compatibility Definition.
See section 7. SHOULD run fuzz tests under various modes of execution and target architectures to assure the stability of the runtime. Note that memory values specified below are considered minimum values and device implementations MAY allocate more memory per application. Android includes a launcher application home screen and support for third-party applications to replace the device launcher home screen. If device implementations allow third-party applications to replace the device home screen, they:.
If device implementations include a default launcher that supports in-app pinning of shortcuts, they:. If device implementations implement a default launcher that provides quick access to the additional shortcuts provided by third-party apps through the ShortcutManager API, they:. If device implementations include a default launcher app that shows badges for the app icons, they:.
Android includes Notification and NotificationManager APIs that allow third-party app developers to notify users of notable events and attract users' attention using the hardware components e. If device implementations allow third-party apps to notify users of notable events , they:.
Android 11 introduces support for conversation notifications, which are notifications that use MessagingStyle and provides a published People Shortcut ID. If device implementations support conversation notifications and the app provides the required data for bubbles , they:. Android includes the NotificationListenerService APIs that allow apps once explicitly enabled by the user to receive a copy of all notifications as they are posted or updated. Android includes the Assist APIs to allow applications to elect how much information of the current context is shared with the assistant on the device.
The AOSP implementation meets this requirement by having controls in the notification shade. Android supports a variant theme with translucent system bars, which allows application developers to fill the area behind the status and navigation bar with their app content.
To enable a consistent developer experience in this configuration, it is important the status bar icon style is maintained across different device implementations. Live wallpapers are animations, patterns, or similar images with limited input capabilities that display as a wallpaper, behind other applications. Hardware is considered capable of reliably running live wallpapers if it can run all live wallpapers, with no limitations on functionality, at a reasonable frame rate with no adverse effects on other applications.
As an example, some live wallpapers may use an OpenGL 2. Live wallpaper will not run reliably on hardware that does not support multiple OpenGL contexts because the live wallpaper use of an OpenGL context may conflict with other applications that also use an OpenGL context.
Device implementations including the recents function navigation key as detailed in section 7. If device implementations including the recents function navigation key as detailed in section 7. Android includes support for Input Management and support for third-party input method editors. See section 3. If device implementations include a hardware sensor e.
GPS that is capable of providing the location coordinates, they. Android includes support for the emoji characters defined in Unicode Android includes support to render Myanmar fonts. If device implementations have the capability to display multiple activities at the same time, they:. If device implementations support multi-window mode s and Picture-in-Picture multi-window mode, they:.
The DisplayCutout API defines an area on the edge of the display that may not be functional for an application due to a display cutout or curved display on the edge s. Android includes ControlsProviderService and Control APIs to allow third-party applications to publish device controls for quick status and action for users.
Android includes features that allow security-aware applications to perform device administration functions at the system level, such as enforcing password policies or performing remote wipe, through the Android Device Administration API. If device implementations implement the full range of device administration policies defined in the Android SDK documentation, they:. If device implementations declare android. The user must not be able proceed in the Setup Wizard until the Profile Owner app finishes.
Android provides an accessibility layer that helps users with disabilities to navigate their devices more easily. Android provides a Quick Settings UI component that allows quick access to frequently used or urgently needed actions. If device implementations include non-voice-activated applications the Apps that interact with third-party applications through MediaBrowser or MediaSession , the Apps:.
May shorten titles to comply with safety regulations e. MAY restrict the access to part of the hierarchy to comply with safety regulations e. Callback onMediaButtonEvent.
Android includes support for companion device pairing to more effectively manage association with companion devices and provides the CompanionDeviceManager API for apps to access this feature. Android includes Contacts Provider APIs to allow applications to manage contact information stored on the device. Contact data that is entered directly into the device is typically synchronized with a web service, but the data MAY also only reside locally on the device.
Contacts that are only stored on the device are referred to as local contacts. SHOULD provide a user affordance to choose to uninstall or launch an application on the warning dialog.
If device implementations are already launched on an earlier Android version and cannot meet the requirements [C] and [C] through a system software update, they MAY be exempted from these requirements. All of the codecs listed in the section below are provided as software implementations in the preferred Android implementation from the Android Open Source Project.
Please note that neither Google nor the Open Handset Alliance make any representation that these codecs are free from third-party patents. Those intending to use this source code in hardware or software products are advised that implementations of this code, including in open source software or shareware, may require patent licenses from the relevant patent holders. If device implementations declare support for the android.
Often the label indicates the action that's restricted. For example, here are some permissions defined by Android:. Then, when the application is installed on the device, the installer determines whether or not to grant the requested permission by checking the authorities that signed the application's certificates and, in some cases, asking the user.
If the permission is granted, the application is able to use the protected features. If not, its attempts to access those features will simply fail without any notification to the user. An application can also protect its own components activities, services, broadcast receivers, and content providers with permissions.
It can employ any of the permissions defined by Android listed in android. Or it can define its own. For example, an activity could be protected as follows:. Its use must be requested in order for other components of the application to launch the protected activity, even though the protection is imposed by the application itself.
If, in the same example, the permission attribute was set to a permission declared elsewhere such as android. It affects only how the permissions are grouped when presented to the user. Every application is linked against the default Android library, which includes the basic packages for building applications with common classes such as Activity, Service, Intent, View, Button, Application, ContentProvider, and so on. However, some packages reside in their own libraries.
If your application uses code from any of these packages, it must explicitly asked to be linked against them. Hope this is helpful for you. I spent almost a day trying to figure out why I was getting this exception.
After lots of struggle, this config worked perfectly Kotlin :. I explain the whole process here. Besides using FileProvider , you can also insert the file into MediaStore especially for image and video files , because files in MediaStore are accessible to every app:.
Files for more info. Note that once added to the system MediaStore the content is accessible to any app on the device. I know this is a pretty old question but this answer is for future viewers.
So I've encountered a similar problem and after researching, I've found an alternative to this approach. Likewise, instead of an image, you can use any other file format like pdf and in my case, it worked just fine.
I wanted to share images from the app's scoped storage and that's where I was getting this exception. Searched for hours and then, at last, I found this blog. The bottom line is you can't share anything from the app's scoped storage. Also in Android 12, the intent chooser bottom dialog shows the preview of the image you are sharing which is super cool by the way, but it can't load the preview from the scoped storage URI.
Testing showed that it only needs to be called once per application run which makes sense being that it changes the operational state of the host VM. Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group. Create a free Team What is Teams? Collectives on Stack Overflow. Learn more. Asked 5 years, 4 months ago. Active 11 days ago. Viewed k times. Thomas Vos. Thomas Vos Thomas Vos I feel like this was a mistake which makes life unnecessarily difficult for app developers.
Having to bundle a "FileProvider" and "authority" with each app, seems like Enterprisey boilerplate. Having to add a flag to every file intent seems awkward and possibly unnecessary. Breaking the elegant concept of "paths" is unpleasant. And what's the benefit? Selectively granting storage access to apps while most apps have full sdcard access, especially ones that work on files?
Google has started to humiliates itself by some changes since API 19 — Ehsan. So, they can treat automatically that path Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. A folder may be needed to be created if it doesn't exist yet. The content of the file is shown below. Pkosta Pkosta I just needed to add intent. Will it work for all Android versions, or just from API 24? So the Build. See developer. Show 34 more comments. Simply put StrictMode. Discrete Mathematics.
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Control System. Data Mining. Google Play services sometimes includes, or depends upon, open source libraries. To comply with the license requirements of open source libraries, you as a developer are responsible for appropriately displaying the notices for the open source libraries that your app uses.
Google Play services includes a set of tools designed to give developers an easier way to express the open source software notices of libraries used in their apps. One of these tools is a Gradle plugin that collects license terms from included libraries, as declared in their POM files, and creates an activity that can be used to display these terms. Learn more about how the tool finds and packages license information. In your app-level build file, apply the plugin by adding the following line under the existing declaration of the com.
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